念及古琴在中国的地位,西方所撰写的有关古琴的文字却是出乎意料的少。对于想猎取这一历史和音乐基本知识的人们,有两本书可做极好的铺垫。他们是:高罗佩(R. H. van Gulik)1940年写的《琴道》(The Lore of the Chinese Lute)及其1941年的专题文章(著作)《嵇康及其琴赋》(Hsi K’ang and his poetical essay on the lute)。之后所有有关古琴的著作多多少少均以它们为基础。
高罗佩之前,没有任何一个西方人像他那样细致而投入地描写古琴这乐器及与之相关的思想。《琴道》对于那些试图在各种中文著作中进一步了解古琴的人而言至今仍是宝库。
而后,高罗佩受到批评,因其不加质疑地全盘接受中国文人对于这仅为少数人使用的乐器的描述和态度。我很难认同这类评论,因为高罗佩曾多次说明历来弹奏古琴的仅是大众中极少、极优异的少数,但这并不妨碍几千年来作为文人生活核心的古琴的精神、情感、艺术意义。其故事值得讲述。
对于还想更多了解古琴的读者,请查阅下列著作和文章:
外文著作和文章
Aalst, J A Van. Chinese Music. Shanghai 1884, 新印New York 1964
Addiss, Stephen. The Resonance of the Qin in East Asian Art. China Institute in America. New York 1999
Blomberg, Erik. Jadeberget. Stockholm 1945
Blomberg, Erik. Hägerboet. Stockholm 1950
Chaves, Jonathan. The Chinese Painter as a Poet. China Institute Gallery, China Institute in America, New York 2000
Cheng, Shui-Cheng, Permissions and Prohibitions Concerning the Playing of the Ch' in. The world of Music, Vol XXI, 1979
Dahmer, Manfred. Die Grosse Solosuite Guanglingsan. Frankfurter China-Studien, Frankfurt am Main 1988
Dahmer, Manfred. Qin. Die Ktassische Chinesische Griffbrettzither und Ihre Musik in Geschichte, Geschichten och Gedichten, Uelzen 2003
DeWoskin, Kenneth J. A Song for One or Two: Music and the Concept of Art in Early China. Ann Arbor: Center for
Chinese Studies, University of Michigan 1982
Eberhard, Wolfram. Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought. London/New York 1986
Egan, Ronald. The Controvercy over Music and Sadness and Changing Conceptions of the Qin in Middle Period China. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 57, No 1, 1997
Falkenhausen, Lothar von. Ritual Music in Bronze Age China: An Archeological Perspective. Harvard University, 1988
Finnane, Antonia. Speaking of Yangzhou: A Chinese City, 1550-1850.
Cambridge (Massachusetts) / London 2004
Giacalone, Vito. The Eccentric Painters of Yangzhou. China Institute in America, New York 1990
Gimm, Martin. Historische Bemerkungen zur Chinesischen Instrumentalsbaukunst der Tang, I-II. Oriens Extremus, vol XVII, 1-2, 1970, 1971
Goodall, John A. Heaven and Earth, 120 Album Leaves from a Ming Encyclopedia: San-ts'ai t'u-hui, 1610, London 1979
Goormaghtigh, G. L'art du Qin. Deux textes d'esthétique Musicale Chinoise. Mélanges Chinois et Bouddhiques. Vol XXIII, Institut Beige des Hautes études Chinoises, Brussels 1990
Gulik, R H van. Hsi K'ang and His Poetical Essay on the Lute. Tokyo 1941 (1968)
Gulik, R H van. The Lore of the Chinese Lute. Tokyo 1940
Hsiao Ch'ien. A Harp with a Thousand Strings. Andover, Hants 1945
Hsu, Wen-ying. The ku' ch' in: A Chinese Stringed Instrument, Its History and Theory. Los Angeles 1978
Karlgren, Bernhard (译/注). The Book of Odes. Stockholm 1950
Kaufmann, Walter. Musical Notations of the Orient. Bloomington/London 1967
Kaufmann, Walter. Musical References in the Chinese Classics. Detroit, Michigan 1976
Kerr, Rose (编). Chinese Art and Design: Art Objects in Ritual and Daily Life. New York 1991
Keswich, Maggie. The Chinese Garden: History, Art and Architecture. London 1978
Kjaer, Vivi. Kinesisk Musik: En Kulturhistorisk Introduktion.Fredriksberg 2003
Kuttner, Fritz. The Archeology of Music in Ancient China: 2000 Years of Acoustical Experimentation ca 1400 BC—AD 750. New York 1990
Kuttner, Fritz. The Development of the
Concept of Music in China' s Early History. Asian Music 1(2), 1969
Lawergren, Bo. Western Influences on the Early Chinese Qin-Zither. Bulletin of Far Eastern Antiquities, Värnamo 2005
Liang, Ming-Yüeh. Implications Néo-taoistes dans une Mélodie pour la Cithare Chinoise à Sept Cordes.
The World of Music, Vol VII, No 2, Mainz(1975)
Liang, Ming-Yüeh. The Art of Yin-Jou Techniques for the Seven-Stringed Zither. Los Angeles 1973
Liang, Ming-Yüeh. The Chinese Ch'in: Its History and Music. Taipei 1972
Lieberman, Fredric. Chinese Music: An Annotated Bibliography. New York/London 1979
Lieberman, Fredric. The Chinese Long Zither Ch'in. Ann Arbor, Seattle, University of Washington 1977
Lieberman, Fredric(译/注). A Chinese Zither Tutor: the Mei-an ch'in-p'u. Washington/Hong Kong 1983
Liu, Tsun-Yuen. A Short Guide to Ch' in. Selected Reports of the UCLA Institute of Ethno-musicology, Vol I, no 2. Mainz, 1968
Lou Qingxi. Chinese Gardens. Beijing 2003
Maim, William. Japanese Music.
Rutland, Vt och Tokyo 1959
Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilization in China, I. Cambridge 1954
Needham, Joseph(比Kenneth Robinson). Sound (Acoustics) in Science and Civilization in China, IV: I Cambridge 1962
Pickens, Laurence E R. China. New Oxford History of Music, Vol I, Ancient and Oriental Music (red Egon Wellesz), London 1957
Sachs, Curt. The history of Musical Instruments. 1942
Sachs, Curt. The Wellsprings of Music. The Hague 1962
Shen Fu. PiIblad i strmmen. En Kinesisk Konstnrs Sjlvbiografi. Stockholm 1960.
Sickman, Laurence och Alexander Soper. The Art and Architecture of China. Baltimore 1971
So, Jenny F (red). Music in the Age of Confucius. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C. 2000
Sommardal, Gran. Det Tomma Palatset. En arkeologi ver ruiner och rutiner i kinesisk litteraturtradition. Stockholm 1992 Thompson, John. Music Beyond Sound: Transcriptions of Music for the Chinese Silk-String Zither. Hong Kong 1998. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 1974
Trefzger, Heinz. Über das K'in, seine
Geschichte, seine Notation und seine Philosophie, Ingår i Schweizerische Musikzeitung 80, 1948
Waley, Arthur(译/注). The Book of Songs. Boston och New York 1937
Wang Shifu. The Moon and the Zither: The Story of the Western Wing. Stephen H West、Wilt L Idema(译), Los
Angeles och Oxford 1991
Wang Shifu. The Romance of the Western Chamber. New York 1968
Wang Shixiang och Wang Di:A 2000-year-old Melody. China Reconstructs, No 3, 1957
Watt, James C Y. The Qin and Chinese Literati. Orientations 12, No 11, 1981
Wen Fong och Rorex, Robert. Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute: The Story of Laay Wen-Chi. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York 1974
Williams, C A S. Encyclopedia of Chinese Symbolism and Art Motives. New York 1960
Wu Wenguang. Wu Jinglue' s Qin Music in its Context. Ann Arbor, Seattle, University of Washington 1977
Zeng Jinshou, Chinas Musik und Musikerziehung im kulturellen Austausch mit den Nackbarlndern und dem Western, Bremen 2003
Zha Fuxi. Ch' in: The Chinese Lute.
Eastern Horizon l, No 5, 1960
中文著作和文章
吴钊(编)《中国古琴珍萃》,北京古琴研究会,北京1998
《长沙马王堆一号汉墓》,北京1973
崔忠清《山东沂南汉墓画像石》,济南2001
丁文夫《御苑赏石》,香港2000
龚一《古琴演奏法》,上海2002
顾梅羹《琴学备要》,上海2004
《古琴纪事图录》中英文版。台北市立国乐团,台北2000
《古琴曲集》中国艺术研究院音乐研究所 一集,北京1962;二集,北京1983
郭沫若《蔡文姬》,北京1959
黄耀良等人《吴门琴谱》,苏州1998
嵇康《声无哀乐论》,北京1973
李格非《洛阳名园记》,北京1955
李美燕《琴道与美学》,北京2002
麟庆《鸿雪因缘图记》,上海1879
李祥庭《古琴实用教程》,上海2004
刘东升等《中国乐器图鉴》,北京1988
《民间石窗艺术》,北京1995
《琴曲集成》第一辑,北京1963(北京古琴研究会编纂。“文革”中出版中断,但“文革”后出版了后续部分。)沈草农等《古琴初阶》,北京196l
《诗经》,成都1986
王迪(编)《琴歌》,中国艺术研究院音乐研究所,北京1983
王光祈《中国音乐史》,上海1934,香港1962
刘诚甫《音乐辞典》,上海1936,新印1953
巫娜《古琴初级教程》,北京2004
吴钊、刘东升《中国音乐史略》,北京1983
吴钊“大音希声”,《艺术家茶座》2004第二期中的文章。(批评当今古琴弹奏的发展趋势,比如对钢丝弦的使用。)
吴钊《绝世清音》,北京2005
吴兆基《吴门琴谱》,苏州1998(吴兆基演奏版的十五首曲目的琴谱)
许光毅《怎样弹古琴》,北京1994
许健《琴史初编》,北京1982
杨青《少儿学古琴》,北京2004
杨荫浏《中国古代音乐史稿》,北京(1953)2005
杨荫浏《中国音乐辞典》,北京1984
易存国《琴韵风流》,天津2004
易存国《中国古琴艺术》,北京2003
俞莹《文房赏玩》,上海1997
查阜西《存见古琴曲谱辑览》,北京1958
《查阜西琴学文萃》,北京1995
张道《中国古代图案选》,江苏1980
中央音乐学院民族音乐研究所《广陵散》,北京1958
吴钊(编)《中国古琴珍萃》,北京古琴研究会,北京1998
《中国音乐史图鉴》,1988
《神奇秘谱》(1425)摹真本,1955年出版,而后又花了相当长的时间才再出版了更多的琴谱。
近年来又出版了一些琴谱的摹真本。其中有:
《春草堂琴谱》(1744),北京2003
《德音堂琴谱》(1691),北京2003
《蓼怀堂琴谱》(1702),北京2003
《琴学练要》(1739),北京2003
《琴学入门》(1864),北京2003
《五知斋琴谱》(1722),北京2003
《十一弦馆琴谱》(1907),刘鹗(字铁云),北京2003。该琴谱中含两种非同寻常的《广陵散》版本,以及早先不为人知的《庄周梦蝶》。据说刘鹗收藏古典乐器,还曾一度拥有“九霄环佩”—有史以来最为著名的古琴,现存于故宫博物院。