注释
1. W. Wilson, ‘The Reconstruction of the Southern States’, Atlantic Monthly, January 1901, Vol. lxxxvii, 1–15.
2. J. M. Keynes, ‘Mr Churchill on the Peace’, New Republic, 27 March 1929.
1. The Times, 27 December 1915, issue 41047, 3.
2. Reichstag, Stenographischer Bericht, Vol. 307, 850 ff, 5 April 1916, 852.
3. W. S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston, MA, 1948), vii.
4. W. S. Churchill, The Aftermath (London, 1929), 459.
5. G. L. Weinberg (ed.), Hitler's Second Book (New York, 2006).
6. 相关著作参见http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/。
7. C. Schmitt在其著作Positionen und Begriffe im Kampf mit Weimar-Genf-Versailles 1923–1939 (Berlin, 1940)中集中讨论了这个问题。
8. 这一说法因D. Chakrabarty在Provincializing Europe (Princeton, NJ, 2000)一书中提到而广为流传。但他也是借鉴自H.-G. Gadamer，很有可能是其‘Karl-Jaspers-Preis Laudatio für Jeanne Hersch’ (Heidelberger Jahrbücher 37 (1993), 151–158)一文。Gadamer则是在“一战”之后不久、自己的童年时代早期形成了这一印象。
9. 对于这个问题，有两个十分深刻的回答。参见：M. Hardt and A. Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2001), 以及C. S. Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors (Cambridge, MA, 2006)。
10. L. Trotsky, ‘Is the Slogan “The United States of Europe” a Timely One?’ http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1924/ffyci-2/25b.htm.
11. A. Hitler, ‘Zweites Buch’ (unpublished), 127–128.
12. 这里有些类似政治学家提出的战争“权力转换”和“交易”理论，如A. F. K. Organski and J. Kugler, The War Ledger (Chicago, IL, 1980)。
13. W. Kim与J. D. Morrow在其文章‘When Do Power Shifts Lead to War?’ (American Journal of Political Science 36, No. 4 (November 1992), 896–922)一文中强调了战争“权力转换”理论中的风险承受因素。
14. 关于哪怕是在战争开始时带来的政治风险，参见H. Strachan, The First World War (London, 2003)。
15. F. R. Dickinson, World War I and the Triumph of a New Japan, 1919–1930 (Cambridge, 2013), 87.
16. L. Trotsky, ‘Perspectives of World Development’, http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1924/07/world.htm.
17. L. Trotsky, ‘Disarmament and the United States of Europe’, 4 October 1929, http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1929/10/disarm.htm.
18. F. Meinecke, Machiavellism: The Doctrine of Raison d'État and its Place in Modern History, trans. Douglas Scott (New Haven, CT, 1957), 432.
19. C. Schmitt, The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum (New York, 2006).
20. 如果想更全面地了解历史性的校正，可参看：P. W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (Oxford, 1994)。
21. S. Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy (Berkeley, CA, 1997), 163.
22. A. J. Mayer, Wilson vs Lenin: Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917–1918 (New York, 1964); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics (Oxford, 1968).
23. L. Trotsky, ‘Perspectives on World Development’, http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1924/07/world.htm.
24. L. Trotsky, ‘Europe and America’, February 1924, http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1926/02/europe.htm.
25. Ibid.
26. 可参看例如Angus Maddison为OECD汇编的数据：http://www.theworldeconomy.org/。
27. 当代的相关研究中，最经典的是：P. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (London, 1987)。
28. J. Darwin, Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (Cambridge, 2009).
29. D. Bell, The Idea of Greater Britain (Princeton, NJ, 2009).
30. E. J. Eisenach, The Lost Promise of Progressivism (Lawrence, KS, 1994), 48–52.
31. “非正式帝国”这一宽泛的概念导致两者的差别被刻意模糊了，John Gallagher与Ronald Robinson在其‘The Imperialism of Free Trade’, The Economic History Review, second series, VI, No. 1 (1953), 1–15一文对这种差别进行了介绍。
32. W. A. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1959).
33. V. de Grazia在其著作Irresistible Empire: America's Advance Through Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge, MA, 2005)中完美地捕捉到了这一自我意识。
34. 举一个具有高度影响力的例子：E. Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes (London, 1994)。
35. 到目前为止，影响最大的是：R. S. Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement (New York, 1922)。
36. 即使在一些批评威尔逊的论述中，也能看到这种观点。例如：T. A. Bailey, Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace (New York, 1944), 154–155。
37. 美国一些激进的威尔逊批评者认为，在凡尔赛并没有什么“失败”，维持已有秩序的既得利益一直就是和平的真正目的。参见：T. Veblen, Editorial from ‘The Dial’, 15 November 1919, in Veblen, Essays in Our Changing Order (New York, 1934), 459–461。
38. 通过下列A. Mayer的主要著作，能了解其观点形成的基本脉络：The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War (New York, 1981), Wilson versus Lenin: Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917–1918 (New York, 2nd ed., 1964), Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking (New York, 1967), 以及Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? The ‘Final Solution’ in History (New York, 1988)。
39. M. Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (London, 1998)一书产生了极大的影响。
40. J. L. Harper, American Visions of Europe (Cambridge, 1994).
41. D. E. Ellwood, The Shock of America (Oxford, 2012).
42. 关于这一理论建构的其他论述，参见：P. Kindleberger, The World in Depression: 1929–1939 (Berkeley, CA, 1973), R. Gilpin, ‘The Theory of Hegemonic War’, The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18, No. 4 (Spring 1988), 591–613, 以及G. Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times (London, 1994)。
43. J. Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars (Princeton, NJ, 2001).
44. C. A. Kupchan, No One's World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn (Oxford, 2012).
45. C. Bright and M. Geyer, ‘For a Unified History of the World in the Twentieth Century’, Radical History Review 39 (September 1987), 69–91, M. Geyer and C. Bright, ‘World History in a Global Age’, in American Historical Review 100 (October 1995), 1034–1060, and M. Geyer and C. Bright, ‘Global Violence and Nationalizing Wars in Eurasia and America: The Geopolitics of War in the Mid-Nineteenth Century’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 38, No. 4 (October 1996), 619–657.
46. J. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (London, 1902).
47. 最近，A. D'Agostino, The Rise of Global Powers: International Politics in the Era of the World Wars (Cambridge, 2012)一书对这一问题进行了深入的阐释。
48. N. Smith, American Empire: Roosevelt's Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003).
49. M. Nebelin, Ludendorff (Munich, 2010).
50. D. Fromkin, The Peace to End all Peace (New York, 1989).
51. 关于这一点，主要参考自：A. Iriye, After Imperialism: The Search for a New Orderin the Far East, 1921–1931 (Cambridge, MA, 1965)。
52. D. Gorman, The Emergence of International Society in the 1920s (Cambridge, 2012).
53. 正如我在之前的一些研究中提到的，在此要特别感谢：M. Berg, Gustav Stresemann. Eine politische Karriere zwischen Reich und Republik (Göttingen, 1992)。
54. N. Bamba, Japanese Diplomacy in a Dilemma (Vancouver, 1972), 360–366.
55. L. Trotsky, Perspectives of World Development (1924), http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1924/07/world.htm.
56. A. Hitler, Mein Kampf (London, 1939), Vol. 2, chapter 13.
57. 对R. Boyce, The Great Interwar Crisis and the Collapse of Globalization (London, 2009)一书中的相关论述，我表示完全同意。
58. 相关的简要情况，可参看：A. Stephanson, Manifest Destiny: American Expansionism and the Empire of Right (New York, 1995)。
59. Eisenach, Lost Promise, 225.
60. 最近一本讨论这一问题的著作是D. E. Ellwood, The Shock of America (Oxford, 2012)。想要进行更深入的了解，可参看：T. Welskopp and A. Lessoff (eds), Fractured Modernity: America Confronts Modern Times, 1890s to 1940s (Oldenbourg, 2012)。
61. G. Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900–1916 (New York, 1963)一书从完全不同的角度也得出了这一结论。
62. J. T. Sparrow, Warfare State: World War II Americans and the Age of Big Government (New York, 2011).
63. Douglas Steeples and David O. Whitten, Democracy in Desperation: The Depression of 1893 (Westport, CT, 1998).
64. A. S. Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era 1910–1917 (New York, 1954)一书仍能为我们提供最有用的相关简介。
65. W. C. Widenor, Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy (Berkeley, CA, 1983).
66. B. Knei-Paz, The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky (Oxford, 1978).
67. V. I. Lenin, ‘The Chain Is No Stronger Than Its Weakest Link’, Pravda 67, 9 June (27 May) 1917; Lenin: Collected Works (Moscow, 1964), Vol. 24, 519–520.
68. S. Hoffmann, Gulliver's Troubles, or the Setting of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), 52. 关于“不平衡和综合发展”的其他政治学阐释，参见：R. Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge, 1981)。
1. 相关的历史记载，可参看近期出版的：H. Strachan, The First World War (London, 2003)，以及D. Stevenson, 1914–1918: The History of the First World War (London, 2004)。
2. N. A. Lambert, Planning Armageddon: British Economic Warfare and the First World War (Cambridge, MA, 2012).
3. S. Roskill, Naval Policy Between the Wars (New York, 1968 and 1976), Vol. 1, 80–81.
4. H. Nouailhat, France et Etats-Unis: Aout 1914–Avril 1917 (Paris, 1979), 349–355.
5. C. Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (London, 1926), Vol. 1, 312–313.
6. A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [以下简称PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966–1994), Vol. 36, 120.
7. J. J. Safford, Wilsonian Maritime Diplomacy 1913–1921 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1978), 67–115.
8. P. O. O' Brian, British and American Naval Power: Politics and Policy, 1900–1936 (Westport, CT, 1998), 117.
9. R. Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: A Biography, 3 vols (New York, 1983–2000), Vol. 1, 305–315.
10. K. Burk, Britain, America and the Sinews of War, 1914–1918 (London, 1985), and H. Strachan, Financing the First World War (Oxford, 2004).
11. K. Neilson, Strategy and Supply: The Anglo-Russian Alliance 1914–1917 (London, 1984), 106–112.
12. M. Horn, Britain, France, and the Financing of the First World War (Montreal, 2002).
13. Nouailhat, France, 368.
14. S. Broadberry and M. Harrison (eds), The Economics of World War I (Cambridge, 2005).
15. 关于这一问题的经典记述，参见：H. Feis, Europe: The World's Banker 1870–1914 (New York, 1965)。
16. R. Chernow, The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance (New York, 2001).
17. J. M. Keynes, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, Vol. 16 (London, 1971–1989), 197.
18. P. Roberts, ‘“Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes?” The Federal Reserve System's Founding Fathers and Allied Finances in the First World War’, The Business History Review 72 (1998), 585–620.
19. E. Sanders, Roots of Reform (Chicago, IL, 1999) and A. H. Meltzer, A History of the Federal Reserve (Chicago, IL, 2002–2003).
20. W. L. Silber, When Washington Shut Down Wall Street: The Great Financial Crisis of 1914 and the Origins of America's Monetary Supremacy (Princeton, NJ, 2007).
21. N. Ferguson, The Pity of War: Explaining World War I (London, 1998).
22. A. Offer, The First World War: An Agrarian Interpretation (Oxford, 1991).
23. 详细情况参见：D. E. Ellwood, The Shock of America (Oxford, 2012)。
24. J. Banno, Democracy in Prewar Japan: Concepts of Government 1871–1937 (London, 2001), 47.
25. W. Wilson, Congressional Government: A Study in American Government (PhD thesis, Johns Hopkins University, 1885).
26. D. T. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, MA, 1998).
27. W. Wilson, ‘Democracy and Efficiency’, Atlantic Monthly (March 1901), 289.
28. T. Raithel, Das Wunder der inneren Einheit (Bonn, 1996).
29. T. Roosevelt, America and the World War (New York, 1915).
30. J. M. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest: Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson (Cambridge, MA, 1983), 284–285.
31. W. Wilson, A History of the American People (New York, 1902), and J. M. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson: A Biography (New York, 2009).
32. PWW, Vol. 57, 246.
33. W. Wilson, ‘The Reconstruction of the Southern States’, Atlantic Monthly, January 1901, 1–15.
34. R. E. Hannigan, The New World Power: American Foreign Policy, 1898–1917 (Philadelphia, PA, 2002), 45–48.
35. R. S. Baker and W. E. Dodd (eds), The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson (New York, 1925–1927), Vol. 1, 224–225.
36. T. J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New Order (Princeton, NJ, 1992), 77.
37. PWW, Vol. 37, 116.
38. PWW, Vol. 40, 84–85.
39. PWW, Vol. 41, 183–4. 1917年2月又再次重复了这句话，参见：ibid., 316–317。
40. B. M. Manly, ‘Have Profits Kept Pace with the Cost of Living?’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 89 (1920), 157–162.
41. M. J. Pusey, Charles Evans Hughes (New York, 1951), Vol. 1, 335–366.
42. The Memoirs of Marshal Joffre, trans. T. B. Mott (London, 1932), Vol. 2, 461.
43. P. v. Hindenburg, Aus Meinem Leben (Leipzig, 1920), 180–181.
44. G. Ritter, Staatskunst und Kriegshandwerk (Munich, 1954–1968), Vol. 3, 246.
45. G. E. Torrey, Romania and World War I (Lasi, 1998), 174.
46. S. Miller, Burgfrieden und Klassenkampf: Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie in Ersten Weltkrieg (Düsseldorf, 1974), 263–264.
47. D. French, The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition, 1916–1919 (Oxford, 1995), and M. G. Fry, Lloyd George and Foreign Policy (Montreal, 1977).
48. Keynes, The Collected Writings (18 October 1916), Vol. 16, 201.
49. G.-H. 苏图（G.-H. Soutou）在其著作L'Or et le Sang: Les Buts de guerre économique de la Première Guerre Mondiale (Paris, 1989, 365–372, 398–399)中进行了十分精彩的分析。
50. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers (Washington, DC, 1940), Vol. 1, 306–307.
51. Seymour (ed.), Intimate Papers, Vol. 2, 129.
52. Fry, Lloyd George, 219.
53. Neilson, Strategy and Supply, 191; A. Suttie, Rewriting the First World War: Lloyd George, Politics and Strategy 1914–1918 (London, 2005), 85.
1. V. I. Lenin, ‘Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism’, in V. I. Lenin, Selected Works (Moscow, 1963), Vol. 1, 667–766.
2. 左翼的列宁反对所谓“超帝国主义”的理论，参见：K. Kautsky, ‘Der Imperialismus’, Die Neue Zeit 32, No. 2 (1914), 908–922. 最近A. Negri和M. Hardt在其著作Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2001)中再次阐释了这种理论。
3. A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [以下简称PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966–1994), Vol. 40, 19–20. 此外，J. D. Doenecke, Nothing Less Than War: A New History of America's Entry into World War I ( Lexington, KY, 2010)一书对美国加入战争的过程有着不同以往的记述，很有启发性。
4. PWW, Vol. 40, 77.
5. P. Roberts, ‘“Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes?” The Federal Reserve System's Founding Fathers and Allied Finances in the First World War’, Business History Review 72 (1998), 585–620.
6. H. Nouailhat, France et Etats-Unis: Aout 1914–Avril 1917 (Paris, 1979), 382.
7. J. Siegel, For Peace and Money (Oxford, 2014, forthcoming), chapter 4.
8. G.-H. Soutou, L'Or et le Sang: Les Buts de guerre économique de la Première Guerre Mondiale (Paris, 1989), 373–378; J. Wormell, The Management of the Public Debt of the United Kingdom (London, 2000), 222–241.
9. J. H. von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (New York, 1920), 317.
10. T. J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New Order (Princeton, NJ, 1992), 110. 关于俄国的反应，参见：Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers [以下简称FRUS: Lansing Papers] (Washington, DC, 1940), Vol. 2, 320–321。
11. ‘President Wilson and Peace’, The Times (London), Friday 22 December 1916, 9; ‘French Public Opinion’, The Times (London), 23 December 1916, 7.
12. Nouailhat, France, 393.
13. D. French, The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition, 1916–1918 (Oxford, 1995), 34.
14. Ibid., 38.
15. J. M. Keynes, Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, Vol. 16 (London, 1971).
16. The New York Times, 23 January 1917; PWW, Vol. 40, 533–539.
17. 诺克（Knock）在其著作To End All Wars中有相近的看法，但未加批评地将这一讲话看作一份进步主义的宣言。新左派对这一讲话的批评可参看：N. Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics (New York, 1968), 260。
18. J. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, MA, 1983).
19. C. Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (London, 1926), Vol. 2, 412.
20. PWW, Vol. 40, 533–539.
21. Bernstorff, My Three Years, 390–391.
22. The New York Times, 23 January 1917.
23. PWW, Vol. 41, 11–12.
24. The New York Times, 23 January 1917.
25. ‘Labour in Session’, The Times (London), 23 January 1917, 5.
26. ‘War Aims of Labour’, The Times (London), 24 January 1917, 7.
27. The New York Times, 24 January 1917.
28. Nouailhat, France, 398.
29. Bernstorff, My Three Years, 286.
30. Ibid., 371.
31. ‘Aufzeichnung über Besprechung 9.1.1917’, in H. Michaelis and E. Schraepler (eds), Ursachen und Folgen. Vom deutschen Zusammenbruch 1918 und 1945 (Berlin, 1958), Vol. 1, 146–147.
32. K. Erdmann (ed.), Kurt Riezler. Tagebücher, Aufsaetze, Dokumente (Göttingen, 1972), 403–404.
33. M. Weber, Gesammelte politische Schriften (Tübingen, 1988).
34. 兰辛在1917年2月2日对威尔逊表达了这一看法，参见：FRUS: Lansing Papers, Vol. 1, 591–592。
35. K. Burk, ‘The Diplomacy of Finance: British Financial Missions to the United States 1914–1918’, The Historical Journal 22, No. 2 (1979), 359.
36. 对于大西洋主义的历史发展，参看：M. Mariano, Defining the Atlantic Community (New York, 2010).
37. M. G. Fry, Lloyd George and Foreign Policy, Vol. 1, The Education of a Statesman: 1890–1916 (Montreal, 1977), 34.
38. 参见：D. Lloyd George, The Great Crusade: Extracts from Speeches Delivered during the War (London, 1918)。
39. R. Hanks, ‘Georges Clemenceau and the English’, The Historical Journal 45, No. 1 (2002), 53–77.
40. PWW, Vol. 42, 375–376. 至于塔尔迪厄本人如何理解这一关系所面临的挑战，可参看：A. Tardieu, France and America: Some Experiences in Cooperation (Boston, MA, 1927)。
41. PWW, Vol. 41, 136, 256 and 336–337.
42. Ibid., 89, 94, 101, and PWW, Vol. 42, 255.
43. PWW, Vol. 41, 120.
44. M. Hunt, Ideology and US Foreign Policy (New Haven, CT, 1987), 129–130. 亨特希望能将威尔逊与冷战联系起来，因此过于强调了巴黎公社与1789年法国大革命对立的重要性。
45. 参见：Burke's Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies, in Robert Andersen (ed.) with an introduction by Woodrow Wilson (Boston, MA, 1896), xviii。
46. W. Wilson, ‘The Character of Democracy in the United States’, in idem, An Old Master and Other Political Essays (New York, 1893), 114–115.
47. Wilson, ‘Democracy and Efficiency’, Atlantic Monthly LXXXVII (1901), 289.
48. Wilson, The Character of Democracy, 115.
49. Ibid., 114.
50. PWW, Vol. 40, 133.
51. E. Mantoux, The Carthaginian Peace (New York, 1952), 50.
52. 最好的传记作品仍然是：D. Watson, Georges Clemenceau: A Political Biography (London, 1976), 以及G. Dallas, At the Heart of a Tiger: Georges Clemenceau and His World 1841–1929 (London, 1993)。
53. G. Clemenceau, American Reconstruction, 1865–1870 (New York, 1969), 226.
54. W. Wilson, A History of the American People (New York, 1901), Vol. 5, 49–53.
55. Clemenceau, American Reconstruction, 84.
56. 早在1910年的讲演中，克列孟梭就提到了自己与威尔逊在和平与公正问题上的立场具有相似之处。参见：G. Clemenceau, Sur La Democratie (Paris 1930), 124–125。
57. E. Benton, The Movement for Peace Without Victory during the Civil War (Columbus, OH, 1918), and J. McPherson, This Mighty Scourge (Oxford, 2007), 167–186.
58. 罗斯福一直等到威尔逊拒绝就德国的侵略行为采取行动之后，才在《波弗蒂湾先驱报》上发表了这篇长篇大论：《没有胜利者的和平就是没有廉耻的和平》。（Poverty Bay Herald, XLIV, 20 March 1917, 8.）参见：E. Morrison (ed.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, MA, 1954), 1162–1163。
59. PWW, Vol. 41, 87.
60. FRUS: Lansing Papers, Vol. 2, 118–120.
61. PWW, Vol. 41, 201 and 283.
62. Ibid., 123 and 183–184.
63. 1917年1月19日，齐默尔曼致伯恩斯托夫。参见：Michaelis and Schraepler, Ursachen und Folgen, Vol. 1, 151–152。
64. 转引自：F. Katz, The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States and the Mexican Revolution (Chicago, IL, 1981), 359–360。
65. W. Rathenau, Politische Briefe (Dresden, 1929), 108.
66. A. S. Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era 1910–1917 (New York, 1954), 275.
67. PWW, Vol. 42, 140–148.
1. N. Saul, War and Revolution: The United States and Russia, 1914–1921 (Lawrence, KS, 2001), 97–98.
2. O. Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924 (London, 1996)一书是最近的著作中对这段历史介绍得最清楚的。
3. 关于民众情绪的简单介绍，参见：M. Steinberg, Voices of Revolution, 1917 (New Haven, CT, 2001)。
4. A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [以下简称PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966–94), Vol. 41, 425–427.
5. PWW, Vol. 41, 440, and Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers [以下简称FRUS: Lansing Papers] (Washington, DC, 1940), Vol. 1, 626–628, 636.
6. Wilson's declaration of war, 2 April 1917.
7. 转引自：M. Winock, Clemenceau (Paris, 2007), 418–419.
8. N. 苏汉诺夫（N. Sukhanov）在其著作The Russian Revolution, 1917: A Personal Record (London, 1955, 202–203)中对此进行了生动的解释。
9. Sukhanov, Russian Revolution, 240–241.
10. W. Roobol, Tsereteli – A Democrat in the Russian Revolution: A Political Biography (The Hague, 1976); M. Khoundadze, La révolution de février 1917: La social-démocratie contre le bolchevisme, Tsertelli face à Lenine (Paris, 1988); R. Abraham, Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution (London, 1987).
11. V. I. Lenin, ‘Letter to Pravda on 7 April 1917’, in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1964), Vol. 24, 19–26.
12. J. H. von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (London, 1920), 383.
13. D. Stevenson, ‘The Failure of Peace by Negotiation in 1917’, The Historical Journal 34, No.1 (1991), 65–86.
14. S. Miller, Burgfrieden und Klassenkampf: Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie im Ersten Weltkrieg (Düsseldorf, 1974), 283–298.
15. PWW, Vol. 42, MacDonald to Wilson, 29 May 1917, 420–422.
16. J. Turner, British Politics and the Great War: Coalition and Conflict 1915–1918 (New Haven, CT, 1992).
17. L. Gardner, Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913–1923 (Oxford, 1987), 138; A. Suttie, Rewriting the First World War: Lloyd George, Politics, and Strategy, 1914–1918 (Houndmills, 2005), 191–194.
18. S. Carls, Louis Loucheur and the Shaping of Modern France 1916–1931 (Baton Rouge, FL, 1993), 43–44, 50–51.
19. C. Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism 1870–1925 (London, 1979), 468–471.
20. Der Interfraktioneller Ausschuss, 1917/18 [以下简称IFA], eds E. Matthias and R. Morsey (Düsseldorf, 1959), Vol. 1, 3–13.
21. M. Epstein, Matthias Erzberger and the Dilemma of German Democracy (Princeton, NJ, 1959).
22. IFA, Vol. 1, 15.
23. I. Sinanoglou, ‘Journal de Russie d'Albert Thomas: 22 avril–19 juin 1917’, Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique 14, No. 1/2 (1973), 86–204, 以及J. Winter, Socialism and the Challenge of War (London, 1974), 243–259。
24. Wade, Russian Search for Peace, 79–80.
25. FRUS: Lansing Papers, Vol. 2, 332 and 338.
26. PWW, Vol. 43, 465–470, 487–489；还可参见：PWW, Vol. 42, 140–141。
27. PWW, Vol. 42, 365–367.
28. Ibid., 385.
29. J. J. Wormell, Management of the National Debt in the United Kingdom, 1900–1932 (London, 2000), 249–59.
30. J. Terraine, White Heat: The New Warfare 1914–1918 (London, 1982), 218.
31. D. French, The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition, 1914–1918 (Oxford, 1995), 101–123.
32. B. Millman, Managing Domestic Dissent in First World War Britain (London, 2000).
33. V. I. Lenin, ‘Peace Without Annexations and the Independence of Poland as Slogans of the Day in Russia’, http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/feb/29.htm.
34. V. I. Lenin, ‘The Discussion on Self-Determination Summed Up, July 1916’, in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, (Moscow, 1963), Vol. 22, 320–360.
35. V. I. Lenin, ‘The Petrograd City Conference of the R.S.D.L.P. 14–22 April 1917’, in ibid., Collected Works (Moscow, 1964), Vol. 24, 139–166.
36. FRUS: Lansing Papers, Vol. 2, 340–341; L. Bacino, Reconstructing Russia: U.S. Policy in Revolutionary Russia, 1917–1922 (Kent, OH, 1999).
37. L. Heenan, Russian Democracy's Fatal Blunder: The Summer Offensive of 1917 (New York, 1987).
38. A. Kerensky, The Kerensky Memoirs (London, 1965), 285.
39. H. Herwig, The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914–1918 (London, 1997), 338.
40. M. Thompson, The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front 1915–1919 (New York, 2008), 294–327.
41. H. Hagenlücke, Deutsche Vaterlandspartei (Düsseldorf, 1997).
42. Abraham, Kerensky, 257.
43. Ibid., 305.
44. R. Service, Lenin: A Biography (London, 2000), 304.
45. O. Radkey, Russia Goes to the Polls: The Election to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917 (Ithaca, NY, 1989), 63.
46. PWW, Vol. 43, 471–472.
47. Ibid., 523.
48. Ibid., 509.
49. Ibid., 523–525.
50. O. Radkey, The Agrarian Foes of Bolshevism: Promise and Default of the Russian Socialist Revolutionaries, February to October 1917 (New York, 1958), 85.
51. Ibid., 88.
1. W. Wheeler, China and the World War (New York, 1919), 100.
2. A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [以下简称PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966–94), Vol. 41, 108–112.
3. G. Xu, China and the Great War (Cambridge, 2005), 162–163.
4. 哥伦比亚大学的弗兰克·古德诺（Frank Goodnow）所写的备忘录遭到了无情的批评，参见：B. Putnam Weale, The Fight for the Republic in China (New York, 1917), 142–190; J. Kroncke, ‘An Early Tragedy of Comparative Constitutionalism: Frank Goodnow and the Chinese Republic’, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal 21, No. 3 (2012), 533–590。
5. W. Kirby, ‘The Internationalization of China: Foreign Relations at Home and Abroad in the Republican Era’, The China Quarterly 150, ‘Special Issue: Reappraising Republican China’ (1997), 433–458.
6. D. Kuhn, Die Republik China von 1912 bis 1937 (Heidelberg, 2004), 89.
7. T.S. Chien, The Government and Politics of China (Cambridge, MA, 1950), 75–76.
8. S. Craft, V. K. Wellington Koo and the Emergence of Modern China (Lexington, KY, 2004), 40–41.
9. J. Sheridan, China in Disintegration: The Republican Era in Chinese History, 1912–1949 (New York, 1977), 69.
10. N. Bose, American Attitudes and Policy to the Nationalist Movement in China (1911–1921) (Bombay, 1970), 105.
11. Xu, China and the Great War, 213.
12. S. Schram (ed.), Mao's Road to Power: Revolutionary Writings 1912–1949: The Pre-Marxist Period, Vol. 1, 1912–1920 (New York, 1992), 104.
13. N. Pugach, Paul S. Reinsch: Open Door Diplomat in Action (Millwood, NY, 1979), 226.
14. PWW, Vol. 41, 177.
15. Ibid., 175.
16. Ibid., 185.
17. N. Kawamura, Turbulence in the Pacific: Japanese–US Relations During World War I (Westport, CT, 2000), 66.
18. C. Tsuzuki, The Pursuit of Power in Modern Japan 1825–1995 (Oxford, 2000).
19. F. Dickinson, War and National Reinvention: Japan in the Great War 1914–1919 (Cambridge, MA, 1999).
20. L. Gardner, Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913–1923 (Oxford, 1987), 83; Xu, China and the Great War, 94–97.
21. K. Kawabe, The Press and Politics in Japan (Chicago, IL, 1921); F. R. Dickinson, World War I and the Triumph of a New Japan, 1919–1930 (Cambridge, 2013), 52.
22. Dickinson, War and National Reinvention, 150–165.
23. M. Schiltz, The Money Doctors from Japan: Finance, Imperialism, and the Building of the Yen Bloc, 1895–1937 (Cambridge, MA, 2012), 135–154.
24. P. Duus, Party Rivalry and Political Change in Taisho Japan (Cambridge, 1968), 97–99.
25. P. Duus (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 6, The Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1988), 280.
26. Weale, Fight, 206.
27. 转引自：Pugach, Reinsch, 226。
28. Wheeler, China and the World War, 71.
29. PWW, Vol. 41, 186.
30. PWW, Vol. 42, 53–54.
31. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers [以下简称FRUS: Lansing Papers] (Washington, DC, 1940), Vol. 2, 19–32, 以及Y. Zhang, China in the International System, 1918–1920 (Basingstoke, 1991), 203。
32. M. Bergere, Sun Yat-Sen (Stanford, CA, 1998), 271.
33. Wheeler, China and the World War, 51.
34. ‘American Press Tributes to Dr Wu Ting-Fang’, China Review 3 (1922), 69–72.
35. Xu, China and the Great War, 241.
36. PWW, Vol. 42, 466.
37. Wheeler, China and the World War, 94.
38. The New York Times Current History, Vol. 13, The European War (New York, 1917), 353.
39. Wheeler, China and the World War, 173–174.
40. FRUS: Lansing Papers, Vol. 2, 432–433.
41. Kawamura, Turbulence in the Pacific, 91–92.
42. Xu, China and the Great War, 226–227.
43. G. McCormack, Chang Tso-Lin in Northeast China, 1911–1928: China, Japan and the Manchurian Idea (Stanford, CA, 1977).
44. Dickinson, War and National Reinvention, 223.
45. PWW, Vol. 42, 60–64.
46. Pugach, Reinsch, 236.
47. M. Metzler, Lever of Empire: The International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism in Prewar Japan (Berkeley, CA, 2005), 108–109.
1. F. Fischer, Griff nach der Weltmacht: Die Kriegszielpolitik des Kaiserlichen Deutschland, 1914–1918 (Düsseldorf, 1961).
2. J. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace, March 1918 (London, 1938).
3. V. Liulevicius在其著作War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, National Identity, and German Occupation in World War I (Cambridge, 2000)中，完全从与第三帝国的联系出发，介绍了德军东线总司令部（Ober Ost）的历史。
4. V. I. Lenin, ‘The Debate on Self-Determination Summed Up’, in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1964), Vol. 22, 320–360.
5. V. I. Lenin, ‘Statistics and Sociology’, in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1964), Vol. 23, 271–277.
6. T. Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999 (New Haven, CT, 2003).
7. ‘Hitch in Negotiations: German Delegates Point to Peoples Who Desire ...’, The New York Times, 31 December 1917.
8. Der Interfraktioneller Ausschuss, 1917/18 [以下简称IFA], eds E. Matthias and R. Morsey (Düsseldorf, 1959), Vol. 1, 213–402.
9. Heinz Hagenlücke, Deutsche Vaterlandspartei (Düsseldorf, 1996).
10. IFA, Vol. 1, 635.
11. W. Ribhegge, Frieden für Europa: Die Politik der deutschen Reichstagsmehrheit, 1917–1918 (Essen, 1988), 228–229.
12. M. Llanque, Demokratisches Denken im Krieg: Die deutsche Debatte im Ersten Weltkrieg (Berlin, 2000), 207.
13. A. Vogt, Oberst Max Bauer, Generalstabsoffizier im Zwielicht, 1869–1929 (Osnabrück, 1974), 108.
14. K. Erdmann (ed.), Kurt Riezler: Tagebücher, Aufsaetze, Dokumente (Göttingen, 1972).
15. W. Ribhegge, Frieden für Europa. Die Politik der deutschen Reichstagsmehrheit 1917/18 (Berlin, 1988), 228–229.
16. P. Gatrell, A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War I (Indiana, IN, 2005).
17. Hagenlücke, Vaterlandspartei, 204.
18. I. Geiss, Der polnische Grenzstreifen 1914–1918: Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Kriegszielpolitik im Ersten Weltkrieg (Lübeck, 1960), 129.
19. 埃茨贝格尔的嘲讽与社会民主党的回应，参见：Ribhegge, Frieden, 173–175, 228–229。
20. P. Theiner, Sozialer Liberalismus und deutsche Weltpolitik. Friedrich Naumann im Wilhelminischen Deutschland (1860–1919) (Baden-Baden, 1983), 242–258.
21. M. Berg, Gustav Stresemann und die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika: weltwirtschaftliche Verflechtung und Revisionspolitik, 1907–1929 (Baden-Baden, 1990), 43.
22. IFA, Vol. 1, 11.
23. R. Service, Lenin: A Biography (Düsseldorf, 2000), 321–325.
24. Fischer, Griff, 299–300.
25. Ibid.
26. J. Snell, ‘The Russian Revolution and the German Social Democratic Party in 1917’, Slavic Review 15, No. 3 (1956), 339–350; 还可参见：IFA, Vol. 1, 631–632。
27. S. Miller, Burgfrieden und Klassenkampf: Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie im Ersten Weltkrieg (Düsseldorf, 1974), 228–229.
28. K. Epstein, Matthias Erzberger and the Dilemma of German Democracy (Princeton, NJ, 1959), 219–220, 237.
29. 关于主权问题重新谈判更广泛的讨论，参见：M. Koskenniemi, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870–1960 (Cambridge, 2002), 172。
30. S. D. Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton, NJ, 1999).
31. Miller, Burgfrieden, 351.
32. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest, 117–120.
33. G. Kennan, Russia Leaves the War: Soviet-American Relations, 1917–1920 (Princeton, NJ), Vol. 1, 136.
34. C. Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (Boston, MA, 1926–1928), Vol. 3, 264–285.
35. W. Hahlweg (ed.), Der Friede von Brest-Litowsk. Ein unveröffentlichter Band aus dem Werk des Untersuchungsauschusses der deutschen verfassungsgebenden Nationalversammung und des deutschen Reichstages (Düsseldorf, 1971), 150–153.
36. A. May, The Passing of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918 (Philadelphia, PA, 1966), Vol. 1, 458.
37. IFA, Vol. 2, 86.
38. 全文参见：Hahlweg, Der Friede, 176。
39. 内容概要参见：V. I. Lenin, ‘Theses on the Question of the Immediate Conclusion of a Separate and Annexationist Peace, 7 January 1918’, in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1972), Vol. 26, 442–450。
40. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest, 145.
41. L. Gardner, Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913–1923 (Oxford, 1987), 160.
42. E. Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007), 19–53.
43. B. Unterberger, The United States, Revolutionary Russia, and the Rise of Czechoslovakia (Chapel Hill, NC, 1989), 94–95.
44. 这里及后面的相关内容，参见：A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [以下简称PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966–1994), Vol. 45, 534–539。
45. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers (Washington, DC, 1940), Vol. 2, 348.
46. Kennan在Russia Leaves the War (255–272)一书对此提出了极其犀利的批评。
47. C. Warvariv, ‘America and the Ukrainian National Cause, 1917–1920’, in T. Hunczak (ed.), The Ukraine 1917–1921: A Study in Revolution (Cambridge, MA, 1977), 366–372.
48. PWW, Vol. 45, 534–539.
49. D. Woodward, Trial by Friendship: Anglo-American Relations, 1917–1918 (Lexington, KY, 1993), 153–154.
50. B. Unterberger, ‘Woodrow Wilson and the Russian Revolution’, in A. Link (ed.), Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World (Chapel Hill, NC, 1982), 54.
1. J. Reshetar, The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917–1920: A Study in Nationalism (Princeton, NJ, 1952), 53–54.
2. W. Stojko, ‘Ukrainian National Aspirations and the Russian Provisional Government’, in T. Hunczak (ed.), The Ukraine 1917–1921: A Study in Revolution (Cambridge, MA, 1977).
3. P. Borowsky, Deutsche Ukrainepolitik 1918 unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wirtschaftsfragen (Lübeck, 1970), 21–25.
4. E. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–1923 (London, 1966), Vol. 1, 301.
5. W. Hahlweg (ed.), Der Friede von Brest-Litowsk: Ein unveröffentlichter Band aus dem Werk des Untersuchungsausschusses der deutschen verfassunggebenden Nationalversammlung und des deutschen Reichstages (Düsseldorf, 1971), 299.
6. Hahlweg, Friede, 332, 英文译文参见：J. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace, March 1918 (London, 1938), 161–163。
7. 对此最为著名的悲剧性解读是德国社会学家马克斯·韦伯在其1919年早期的一次演说“政治作为一种志业”（‘Politics as a Vocation’）中所做出的。值得注意的是，为了得出其悲剧性的结论，韦伯仅仅引用了托洛茨基第一句话中的只言片语，从而曲解了他的本意。参见：Peter Lassman and Ronald Speirs (eds), Weber: Political Writings (Cambridge, 1994), 310。
8. V. I. Lenin, ‘People from Another World’, in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1972), Vol. 26, 431–433.
9. J. Siegel, For Peace and Money (Oxford, 2014, forthcoming), chapter 5.
10. C. Bell and B. Elleman, Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective (London, 2003), 45–65.
11. P. Scheidemann, Der Zusammenbruch (Berlin, 1921), 70–71.
12. Der Interfraktioneller Ausschuss, 1917/18 [以下简称IFA], eds E. Matthias and R. Morsey (Düsseldorf, 1959), Vol. 2, 188–193.
13. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk, 209–211.
14. K. Liebknecht, Politische Aufzeichnungen aus seinem Nachlass (Berlin, 1921), 51, cited in L. Trotsky, My Life (New York, 1960), 378.
15. G.-H. Soutou, L'Or et le Sang: Les Buts de guerre économique de la Première Guerre Mondiale (Paris, 1989), 661–663.
16. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk, 171.
17. Pipes, Russian Revolution, 591.
18. V. I. Lenin, ‘Peace or War, 23 February 1918’, in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1972), Vol. 27, 36–39.
19. R. Debo, Revolution and Survival: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia 1917–1918 (Toronto, 1979), 120–121.
20. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk, 226–229.
21. IFA, Vol. 2, 250.
22. Ibid., 163.
23. 此句及下句引自：W. Baumgart and K. Repgen, Brest-Litovsk (Göttingen, 1969), 58–66。
24. 德皇的原文是“bolshewiki tiger, kesseltreiben abschiessen”。
25. Baumgart and Repgen, Brest-Litovsk, 61.
26. Ibid., 62.
27. Ibid., 66.
28. R. von Kühlmann, Erinnerungen (Heidelberg, 1948), 548.
29. I. Geiss, Der polnische Grenzstreifen, 1914–1918. Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Kriegszielpolitik im Ersten Weltkrieg (Lübeck, 1960), 132–134.
30. M. Hoffmann, War Diaries and Other Papers (London, 1929), Vol. 1, 205.
31. R. Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime (New York, 1994), 27–28, 52.
32. Pipes, Russian Revolution, 588.
33. Debo, Revolution, 124–146.
34. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk, 245.
35. Pipes, Russian Revolution, 594.
36. V. I. Lenin, ‘Political Report of the Bolshevik Central Committee, 7 March 1918. Seventh Congress of the Russian Communist Party: Verbatim Report 6–8 March 1918’, in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1972), Vol. 27, 85–158.
37. R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life (Bloomington, IN, 1985), 327–330.
38. V. I. Lenin, ‘Extraordinary Fourth All-Russia Congress of Soviets, 14–16 March 1918’, in V.I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1972), Vol. 27, 169–201.
39. W. Ribhegge, Frieden für Europa: Die Politik der deutschen Reichstagsmehrheit, 1917–1918 (Essen, 1988), 264–265.
40. Der Interfraktioneller Ausschuss, 1917/18, eds E. Matthias and R. Morsey (Düsseldorf, 1959), Vol. 2, 285–291; S. Miller, Burgfrieden und Klassenkampf: Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie im Ersten Weltkrieg (Düsseldorf, 1974), 368.
41. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk, 304–307.
42. Ribhegge, Frieden, 268.
43. IFA, Vol. 2, 303.
44. Stevenson, With Our Backs to the Wall (London, 2011), 42, 53–54.
45. W. Churchill, The World Crisis, 1916–1918 (New York, 1927), Vol. 2, 132.
46. W. Goerlitz (ed.), Regierte Der Kaiser? Kriegstagebücher, Aufzeichnungen und Briefe des Chefs des Marinekabinetts Admiral George Alexander von Mueller, 1914–1918 (Göttingen, 1959), 366.
47. Erich Ludendorff, My War Memories (London, 1919), Vol. 2, 602.
48. Max von Baden, Erinnerungen und Dokumente (Stuttgart, 1968), 242–243.
1. W. Baumgart, Deutsche Ostpolitik 1918. Von Brest-Litowsk bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges (Vienna and Munich, 1966), 40.
2. S. F. Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography 1888–1938 (London, 1974).
3. ‘The Chief Task of Our Day’, Izvestia VTsIK, No. 46, 12 March 1918, in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1972), Vol. 27, 159–163.
4. 此句及下句引自：Seventh Congress of the Russian Communist Party: Verbatim Report, 6–8 March 1918, in ibid., 85–158。
5. Baumgart, Deutsche Ostpolitk, 36. 这一容易引发争论的说法后来在莫斯科官方出版的《列宁选集》中被删掉了。
6. R. Pipes, The Russian Revolution (New York, 1990), 603–605.
7. P. E. Dunscomb, Japan's Siberian Intervention, 1918–1922 (Plymouth, 2011), 40.
8. F. R. Dickinson, War and National Reinvention: Japan in the Great War, 1914–1919 (Cambridge, MA, 1999), 57 and 197.
9. J. Morley, The Japanese Thrust into Siberia, 1918 (New York, 1957), 53.
10. Dickinson, War, 183–184.
11. Dunscomb, Siberian Intervention, 42–43.
12. Dickinson, War, 196.
13. S. Naoko, Japan, Race and Equality: The Racial Equality Proposal of 1919 (London, 2003), 109.
14. C. Tsuzuki, The Pursuit of Power in Modern Japan, 1825–1995 (Oxford, 2000), 206.
15. G. Kennan, Russia Leaves the War: Soviet-American Relations, 1917–1920 (Princeton, NJ), Vol. 1, 272–273.
16. B. M. Unterberger, ‘Woodrow Wilson and the Russian Revolution’, in Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World, ed. Arthur S. Link (Chapel Hill, NC, 1982), 61.
17. Kennan, Soviet-American, 480.
18. C. Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (Boston, MA, 1926–8), Vol. 3, 399.
19. Pipes, Russian Revolution, 598–599.
20. Morley, The Japanese Thrust, 140–141.
21. N. Kawamura, Turbulence in the Pacific: Japanese-US Relations during World War I (Westport, CT, 2000), 116; A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966–1994).
22. 豪斯至少还是做到了这一点，因为他承认了“日本有两个政党”存在。参见：Seymour (ed.), Intimate Papers, Vol. 3, 415。
23. U. Trumpener, Germany and the Ottoman Empire 1914–1918 (Princeton, NJ, 1968), 249.
24. 关于埃茨贝格尔、屈尔曼和赫特林在1918年6月时的相互沟通，参见：Der Interfraktioneller Ausschuss, 1917/18 [以下简称IFA], eds E. Matthias and R. Morsey (Düsseldorf, 1959), Vol.2, 410。
25. R. G. Hovanissian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918 (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 175.
26. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 181.
27. Ibid., 193–194.
28. Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, 184.
29. 德国国会委员会认可了这一政策。参见：IFA, Vol. 2, 519。
30. Trumpener, Germany, 256–257.
31. R. G. Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation (Bloomington, IN, 1994), 192.
32. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 269.
33. P. Borowsky, Deutsche Ukrainepolitik, 1918 (Lübeck 1970).
34. 埃茨贝格尔在乌克兰与德国官方进行讨论时始终坚持这一点。参见：IFA, Vol. 2, 407。
35. 参见提交给德国国会多数派的解释：IFA, Vol. 2, 404。
36. Max Hoffmann, War Diaries and Other Papers (London, 1929), Vol. 1, 209.
37. T. Hunczak, ‘The Ukraine under Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi’, in idem., The Ukraine: A Study in Revolution, 1917–1921 (Cambridge, MA, 1977), 61–81.
38. A. F. Upton, The Finnish Revolution 1917-1918 (Minneapolis, MN, 1980).
39. C. J. Smith, Finland and the Russian Revolution 1917–1922 (Athens, GA, 1958), 78.
40. Stanley G. Payne, Civil War in Europe 1905–1940 (Cambridge, 2011), 30.
41. Pipes, Russian Revolution, 612–615.
42. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 37.
43. R. H. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations 1917–1921, Vol. 1, Intervention and the War (Princeton, NJ, 1961), 177.
44. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 267–268.
45. ‘“Left-Wing” Childishness’, written April 1918, first published 9, 10, 11 May 1918 in Pravda, nos 88, 89, 90; Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1972), Vol. 27, 323–334.
46. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 264.
47. Russian American Relations March 1917-March 1920 (New York, 1920), Doc. 73, 152–153.
48. Ibid., Doc. 91, 209.
49. D. W. McFadden, Alternative Paths: Soviets and Americans 1917-1920 (Oxford, 1993), 122.
50. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 70.
51. Ibid., 129.
52. Ibid., 183.
53. K. Epstein, Matthias Erzberger and the Dilemma of German Democracy (Princeton, NJ, 1959), 239–240.
54. Borowsky, Deutsche Ukrainepolitik, 190–192.
55. 参见：Gothein, IFA, Vol. 2, 289。
56. 参看他对干涉立陶宛教育的抗议：Gothein, IFA, Vol. 2, 388。
57. Epstein, Erzberger, 242.
58. W. Baumgart and K. Repgen (eds), Brest-Litovsk (Göttingen, 1969), 100. 德国国会多数派从一开始就反对德国的干涉行动。参见：IFA, Vol. 2, 316–317。
1. R. H. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917–1921 (Princeton, NJ, 1962), Vol. 1, 169.
2. C. Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (Boston, MA, 1926–1928), Vol. 3, 410.
3. R. Pipes, The Russian Revolution (New York, 1990), 558–565.
4. B. M. Unterberger, The United States, Revolutionary Russia and the Rise of Czechoslovakia (Chapel Hill, NC, 1989), 124–127.
5. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers (Washington, DC, 1940), Vol. 2, 126–128, 139–141 and 364.
6. L. Gardner, Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913–1923 (Oxford, 1987), 186.
7. 转引自：Unterberger, United States, 235。
8. 转引自：T. J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New Order (Princeton, NJ, 1992), 161。
9. I. Somin, Stillborn Crusade: The Tragic Failure of Western Intervention in the Russian Civil War 1918-1920 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1996), 40.
10. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet, 222.
11. Ibid., 305.
12. Ibid., 221–222.
13. Pipes, Russian Revolution, 633–635.
14. W. Baumgart, Deutsche Ostpolitik 1918. Von Brest-Litowsk bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges (Vienna and Munich, 1966), 85.
15. Ibid., 85–86.
16. F. Fischer, Griff nach der Weltmacht: Die Kriegszielpolitik des Kaiserlichen Deutschland, 1914-1918, (Düsseldorf, 1961), 836–840.
17. Der Interfraktioneller Ausschuss, 1917/18 [以下简称IFA], eds E. Matthias and R. Morsey (Düsseldorf, 1959), Vol. 2, 400–401.
18. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 139.
19. M. Kitchen, The Silent Dictatorship: The Politics of the German High Command under Hindenburg and Ludendorff, 1916-1918 (London, 1976), 204.
20. IFA, Vol. 2, 413–418.
21. 转引自：W. Ribhegge, Frieden für Europa: Die Politik der deutschen Reichstagsmehrheit, 1917-1918 (Essen, 1988), 299。
22. IFA, Vol. 2, 447–465.
23. Ibid., 426–428.
24. Ibid., 517.
25. Ibid., 474.
26. Pipes, Russian Revolution, 638–639.
27. Pipes, Russian Revolution, 653–656; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 232.
28. Lenin speech to All-Russia Central Executive Committee, Fifth Convocation, 29 July 1918, in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1965), Vol. 28, 17–33.
29. K. Helfferich, Der Weltkrieg (Berlin, 1919), Vol. 3, 466.
30. Rosa Luxemburg, ‘The Russian Tragedy’, Spartacus, No. 11, 1918.
31. IFA, Vol. 2, 505–506.
32. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 109.
33. Pipes, Russian Revolution, 664–666; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 111–113.
34. G.-H. 苏图将《布列斯特条约》的补充协议解读为《拉帕洛条约》的前奏（L'Or et le Sang. Les Buts de guerre économique de la Première Guerre Mondiale [Paris, 1989], 706–708），这对列宁过于宽厚了。不过，他认为其中的经济条款很难说是惩罚性的，在这一点上他是正确的。
35. M. Kitchen, The Silent Dictatorship: The Politics of the German High Command under Hindenburg and Ludendorff, 1916-1918 (New York, 1976), 242; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 201.
36. Pipes, Russian Revolution, 666.
37. R. Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime (New York, 1994), 53–55.
38. IFA, Vol. 2, 476–479.
39. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 313–315.
40. IFA, Vol. 2, 474–479, 500–501.
41. Helfferich, Weltkrieg III, 490–492.
42. IFA, Vol. 2, 517.
43. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 318–319.
44. C. Tsuzuki, The Pursuit of Power in Modern Japan, 1825–1995 (Oxford, 2000), 206.
45. 对此我完全赞成派普斯（Pipes）的看法（Russian Revolution, 668–670），只是他将德国的地位过于简单化了。
1. D. Stevenson, With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918 (London, 2011).
2. 对此的典型评判，可参看1918年9月德国政府议会化时，一位苦恼的保守主义副秘书长的评论：Der Interfraktioneller Ausschuss, 1917/18, eds E. Matthias and R. Morsey (Düsseldorf, 1959), Vol. 2, 773–778。
3. M. Knox, To the Threshold of Power, 1922/33, Vol. 1, Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and National Socialist Dictatorships (Cambridge, 2007), 143–231.
4. L. V. Smith, S. Audoin-Rouzeau and A. Becker, France and the Great War (Cambridge, 2003).
5. P. O'Brien, Mussolini in the First World War: The Journalist, The Soldier, The Fascist (Oxford, 2005).
6. G. Clemenceau, ‘Discours de Guerre’, Chambre des Députés, Assemblée Nationale, Paris (8 March 1918).
7. D. Watson, Georges Clemenceau: A Political Biography (London, 1976), 275–292.
8. G. Clemenceau, Demosthenes (New York, 1926).
9. W. A. McDougall, France's Rhineland Diplomacy 1914–1924 (Princeton, NJ, 1978), 17–25.
10. H. J. Burgwyn, The Legend of the Mutilated Victory: Italy, the Great War, and the Paris Peace Conference, 1915–1919 (Westport, CT, 1993).
11. C. Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberation to Fascism, 1870–1925 (London, 1967), 485.
12. D. Rossini, Woodrow Wilson and the American Myth in Italy (Cambridge, MA, 2008), 125–131.
13. 几乎同时代的L. 奥特克尔（L. Hautecoeur）对此进行了精彩的说明（L'Italie sous le Ministère Orlando 1917–1919 (Paris, 1919), 83–110）。
14. C. Killinger, Gaetano Salvemini: A Biography (Westport, CT, 2002).
15. K. J. Calder, Britain and New Europe 1914–1918 (Cambridge, 1976), 180–182.
16. G. A. Heywood, Failure of a Dream: Sidney Sonnino and the Rise and Fall of Liberal Italy 1847–1922 (Florence, 1999).
17. H. Nicolson, Peacemaking, 1919 (London, 1933), 167.
18. S. Di Scala, Vittorio Orlando (London, 2010), 119; Rossini, Woodrow Wilson, 142–146.
19. J. Darwin, The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World System, 1830–1970 (Cambridge, 2009)一书对于以下内容具有无法替代的参考价值。
20. J. Grigg, Lloyd George: War Leader, 1916–1918 (London, 2002), 61.
21. R. Fanning, Fatal Path: British Government and Irish Revolution, 1910–1922 (London, 2013)一书对此进行了精彩的概述。
22. J. P. Finnan, John Redmond and Irish Unity, 1912–1918 (Syracuse, NY, 2004).
23. C. Duff, Six Days to Shake an Empire (London, 1966).
24. J. S. Mortimer, ‘Annie Besant and India 1913–1917’, Journal of Contemporary History 18, No. 1 (January 1983), 61–78.
25. H. F. Owen, ‘Negotiating the Lucknow Pact’, The Journal of Asian Studies 31, No. 3 (May 1972), 561–587.
26. A. Rumbold, Watershed in India, 1914–1922 (London, 1979), 64.
27. Ibid., 73.
28. B. R. Tomlinson, The Political Economy of the Raj, 1914–1947: The Economics of Decolonization in India (London, 1979).
29. Rumbold, Watershed, 71–72.
30. P. Robb, ‘The Government of India and Annie Besant’, Modern Asian Studies 10, No. 1 (1976), 107–130.
31. H. Owens, The Indian Nationalist Movement, c. 1912–1922: Leadership, Organisation and Philosophy (New Delhi, 1990), 85.
32. R. Kumar, Annie Besant's Rise to Power in Indian Politics, 1914–1917 (New Delhi, 1981), 115.
33. B. Millman, Managing Domestic Dissent in First World War Britain (London, 2000), 170.
34. H. C. G. Matthew, R. I. McKibbin and J. A. Kay, ‘The Franchise Factor in the Rise of the Labour Party’, The English Historical Review 91, No. 361 (October 1976), 723–752.
35. 在这个问题上，M. Pugh, Electoral Reform in War and Peace, 1906–1918 (London, 1978)一书今天仍然具有无法替代的参考价值。
36. Ibid., 103.
37. J. Lawrence, ‘Forging a Peaceable Kingdom: War, Violence, and Fear of Brutalization in Post-First World War Britain’, Journal of Modern History 75, No. 3 (2003), 557–589.
38. D. H. Close, ‘The Collapse of Resistance to Democracy: Conservatives, Adult Suffrage, and Second Chamber Reform, 1911–1928’, The Historical Journal 20, No. 4 (December 1977), 893–918.
39. Pugh, Electoral Reform, 136.
40. S. S. Holton, Feminism and Democracy: Women's Suffrage and Reform Politics in Britain, 1900–1918 (Cambridge, 1986), 149.
41. Pugh, Electoral Reform, 75.
42. Darwin, Empire Project, 353.
43. Ibid., 348.
44. Rumbold, Watershed, 88.
45. S. D. Waley, Edwin Montagu: A Memoir and an Account of his Visits to India (London, 1964), 130–134.
46. R. Danzig, ‘The Announcement of August 20th, 1917’, The Journal of Asian Studies 28, No. 1 (November 1968), 19–37; R. J. Moore, ‘Curzon and Indian Reform’, Modern Asian Studies 27, No. 4 (October 1993), 719–740.
47. Waley, Montagu, 135.
48. Ibid., 137–138.
49. H. Tinker, The Foundations of Local Self-Government in India, Pakistan and Burma (London, 1954), 112–161.
50. 以下均引自：E. Montagu and F. Chelmsford, The Constitution of India Under British Rule: The Montagu-Chelmsford Report (New Delhi, 1992).
51. D. A. Low, Lion Rampant: Essays in the Study of British Imperialism (London, 1973).
52. T. R. Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj (Cambridge, 1997), 225–226.
53. M. Gandhi, Collected Works (New Delhi, 1999), Vol. 17, ‘Appeal for Enlistment 22 June 1918’.
54. S. Sarkar, Modern India, 1885–1947 (Madras, 1983), 150.
55. Kumar, Annie Besant, 112–113.
56. 曼尼拉（Manela）认为印度曾经存在过一个威尔逊时刻，这种极具想象力的看法很大程度上是源于拉拉·拉帕特·奈（Lala Lajpat Rai）这一个案。参见：E. Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007), 84–97。
57. S. Hartley, The Irish Question as a Problem in British Foreign Policy, 1914–1918 (Basingstoke, 1987), 107.
58. Finnan, Redmond, 190.
59. A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [以下简称PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966–94), Vol. 42, 24–25 and 41–42.
60. M. Beloff, Imperial Sunset: Britain's Liberal Empire, 1897–1921 (London, 1969), Vol. 1, 316.
61. Hartley, The Irish Question, 147–148.
62. Ibid., 153.
63. PWW, Vol. 42, 542. 威尔逊本人提出要看这些报告，参见：PWW, Vol. 43, 360–361。
64. Hartley, Irish Question, 134.
65. Ibid., 175.
66. Ibid., 178.
67. 上议院辩论，1917年5月，170。
68. Hartley, Irish Question, 172 and 191.
69. J. Gallagher, ‘Nationalisms and the Crisis of Empire, 1919–1922’, Modern Asian Studies 15, No. 3 (1981), 355–358.
70. E. Monroe, Britain's Moment in the Middle East, 1914–1971 (Baltimore, MD, 1981), 26–35.
71. B. C. Bush, Britain, India, and the Arabs, 1914–1921 (Berkeley, CA, 1971).
72. H. Luthy, ‘India and East Africa: Imperial Partnership at the End of the First World War’, Journal of Contemporary History 6, No. 2 (1971), 55–85.
73. 达尔文（Darwin）对这一反转进行了清晰而精彩的梳理（Empire Project, 311–317）。
74. D. R. Woodward, Trial by Friendship: Anglo-American Relations, 1917–1918 (Lexington, KY, 1993), 174.
75. J. Kimche, The Unromantics: The Great Powers and the Balfour Declaration (London, 1968), 66.
76. J. Renton, The Zionist Masquerade: The Birth of the Anglo-Zionist Alliance, 1914–1918 (Houndsmill, 2007); L. Stein, The Balfour Declaration (London, 1961).
77. M. Levene, ‘The Balfour Declaration: A Case of Mistaken Identity’, The English Historical Review 107, No. 422 (January 1992), 54–77.
78. J. Reinharz, ‘The Balfour Declaration and Its Maker: A Reassessment’, The Journal of Modern History 64, No. 3 (September 1992), 455–499; R. N. Lebow, ‘Woodrow Wilson and the Balfour Declaration’, The Journal of Modern History 40, No. 4 (December 1968), 501–523.
79. Grigg, Lloyd George, 308–309.
80. Ibid., 336–337.
81. D. Lloyd George, The Great Crusade: Extracts from Speeches Delivered During the War (New York, 1918), 176–186 (5 January 1918).
82. C. Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (Boston, MA, 1926–1928), Vol. 3, 341.
1. W. L. Silber, When Washington Shut down Wall Street: The Great Financial Crisis of 1914 and the Origins of America's Monetary Supremacy (Princeton, NJ, 2007).
2. H. Strachan, The First World War, Vol. 1, To Arms (Oxford, 2001).
3. V. Lenin, ‘“Left-Wing” Childishness’, April 1918, in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 27 (Moscow, 1972), 323–334.
4. 关于拉特瑙影响的实例，参见：A. Dauphin-Meunier, ‘Henri de Man et Walther Rathenau’, Revue Européenne des Sciences Sociales 12, No. 31 (1974), 103–120。
5. G. Feldman, Army, Industry and Labour in Germany, 1914–1918 (Oxford, 1992).
6. T. S. Broadberry and M. Harrison (eds), The Economics of World War I (Cambridge, 2005); K. D. Stubbs, Race to the Front: The Material Foundations of Coalition Strategy in the Great War, 1914–1918 (Westport, CT, 2002).
7. J. Terraine, White Heat: The New Warfare 1914–1918 (London, 1982).
8. D. L. Lewis, The Public Image of Henry Ford (Detroit, MI, 1976), 70–77, 93–95.
9. R. Alvarado and S. Alvarado, Drawing Conclusions on Henry Ford (Detroit, MI, 2001), 82.
10. C. S. Maier, In Search of Stability: Explorations in Historical Political Eonomy (Cambridge, 1987), 19–69, 以及J. Herf, Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich (Cambridge, 1984)。
11. D. R. Woodward, Trial by Friendship: Anglo-American Relations, 1917–1918 (Lexington, KY, 1993), 130–149.
12. Y.-H. Nouailhat, France et Etats-Unis: août 1914–avril 1917 (Paris, 1979), 250–262.
13. 官方报告中反复提到这一点。B. Crowell, America's Munitions 1917–1918 (Washington, DC, 1919)。
14. J. H. Morrow, The Great War in the Air: Military Aviation from 1909 to 1921 (Washington, DC, 1993), 338.
15. Woodward, Trial by Friendship, 118–119.
16. R. Sicotte, ‘Economic Crisis and Political Response: The Political Economy of the Shipping Act of 1916’, The Journal of Economic History 59, No. 4 (December 1999), 861–884.
17. E. E. Day, ‘The American Merchant Fleet: A War Achievement, a Peace Problem’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 34, No. 4 (August 1920), 567–606.
18. Woodward, Trial by Friendship, 136.
19. Ibid., 155, 159.
20. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers (Washington, DC, 1940), Vol. 2, 205.
21. D. Rossini, Woodrow Wilson and the American Myth in Italy (Cambridge, MA, 2008), 100–103.
22. A. Salter, Allied Shipping Control (Oxford, 1921).
23. F. Duchêne, Jean Monnet: The First Statesman of Interdependence (New York, 1994).
24. A. Kaspi, Le Temps des Américains. Le concours américain à la France en 1917–1918 (Paris, 1976), 253–265。其中谈到了一种“胜利带来的忽视”（victoire ignorée）。
25. G. D. Feldman, ‘Die Demobilmachung und die Sozialordnung der Zwischenkriegszeit in Europa’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 9. Jahrg., Vol. 2 (1983), 156–177.
26. E. Roussel, Jean Monnet 1888–1979 (Paris, 1996), 67.
27. C. P. Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916–1923 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1969), 31–32.
28. J. J. Safford, Wilsonian Maritime Diplomacy (New Brunswick, NJ, 1978), 149.
29. Salter, Allied Shipping, 165–174.
30. W. Churchill, The World Crisis, 1916–1918 (London, 1927), Vol. 2, 195.
31. R. Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed, 1883–1920 (London, 1983), Vol. 1, 342; K. Burk, Britain, America and the Sinews of War (Boston, MA, 1985).
32. A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [以下简称PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966–1994), Vol. 43, 136.
33. Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, Vol. 1, 345.
34. R. Ally, Gold and Empire: The Bank of England and South Africa's Gold Producers, 1886–1926 (Johannesburg, 1994), 31.
35. PWW, Vol. 43, 390–391, 424–425.
36. Ibid., 34, 44, and 223–230, 326–333.
37. Ally, Gold and Empire, 34–41.
38. D. Kumar (ed.), The Cambridge Economic History of India (Cambridge, 1983), 以及M. Goswami, Producing India (Chicago, IL, 2004), 209–241。
39. H. S. Jevons, The Future of Exchange and the Indian Currency (London, 1922), 190–200.
40. H. Tinker, The Foundations of Local Self-Government in India, Pakistan and Burma (London, 1954), 96.
41. G. Balachandran, John Bullion's Empire: Britain's Gold Problem and India Between the Wars (London, 1996), 54–59.
42. Jevons, The Future, 206; F. L. Israel, ‘The Fulfillment of Bryan's Dream: Key Pittman and Silver Politics, 1918–1933’, Pacific Historical Review 30, No. 4 (November 1961), 359–380.
43. Balachandran, John Bullion's Empire, 58.
44. I. Abdullah, ‘Rethinking the Freetown Crowd: The Moral Economy of the 1919 Strikes and Riot in Sierra Leone’, Canadian Journal of African Studies 28, No. 2 (1994), 197–218.
45. T. Yoshikuni, ‘Strike Action and Self-Help Associations: Zimbabwean Worker Protest and Culture after World War I’, Journal of Southern African Studies 15, No. 3 (1989), 440–468.
46. M. A. Rifaat, The Monetary System of Egypt: An Inquiry into its History and Present Working (London, 1935).
47. A. E. Crouchley, The Economic Development of Modern Egypt (London, 1938).
48. P. H. Kratoska, ‘The British Empire and the Southeast Asian Rice Crisis of 1919–1921’, Modern Asian Studies 24, No. 1 (February 1990), 115–146.
49. M. Lewis, Rioters and Citizens: Mass Protest in Imperial Japan (Berkeley, CA, 1990).
50. J. C. Ott, When Wall Street Met Main Street: The Quest for an Investors’ Democracy (Cambridge, MA, 2011), 64–135.
51. J. C. Hollander, ‘Certificates of Indebtedness in Our War Financing’, The Journal of Political Economy 26, No. 9 (November 1918), 901–908; C. Snyder, ‘War Loans, Inflation and the High Cost of Living’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 75 (January 1918), 140–146; A. Barton Hepburn, J. H. Hollander and B. M. Anderson, Jr, ‘Discussion of Government's Financial Policies in Relation to Inflation’, Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York 9, No. 1 (June 1920), 55–66.
52. A. H. Hansen, ‘The Sequence in War Prosperity and Inflation’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 89 (May 1920), 234–246.
53. C. Gilbert, American Financing of World War I (Westport, CT, 1970), 200–219.
54. E. B. Woods, ‘Have Wages Kept Pace with the Cost of Living?’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 89 (May 1920), 135–147.
55. B. D. Mudgett, ‘The Course of Profits during the War’, and B. M. Manly, ‘Have Profits Kept Pace with the Cost of Living?’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 89 (May 1920), 148–162.
1. J. D. Morrow, The Great War: An Imperial History (London, 2005), 246–7.
2. D. Stevenson, With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918 (London, 2011).
3. W. Ribhegge, Frieden für Europa: Die Politik der deutschen Reichstagsmehrheit, 1917–1918 (Essen, 1988), 312.
4. 1918年9月几次关键性会议的材料参见：Der Interfraktioneller Ausschuss, 1917/18 [以下简称IFA], eds E. Matthias and R. Morsey (Düsseldorf, 1959), Vol. 2, 494–788。
5. IFA, Vol. 2, 541.
6. Michael Geyer, ‘Insurrectionary Warfare: The German Debate about a Levée en Masse in October 1918’, The Journal of Modern History 73, No. 3 (September 2001), 459–527.
7. K. Helfferich, Der Weltkrieg (Berlin, 1919), Vol. 3, 536–537.
8. IFA, Vol. 2, 485.
9. M. Erzberger, Der Völkerbund. Der Weg zum Weltfrieden (Berlin, 1918).
10. IFA, Vol. 2, 615–616.
11. Ibid., 626–627.
12. F. K. Scheer, Die Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft (1892–1933): Organisation, Ideologie und Politische Ziele. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Pazifismus in Deutschland (Frankfurt, 1981), 331–332.
13. IFA, Vol. 2, 530.
14. Ibid., 779–782.
15. A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [以下简称PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966–1994), Vol. 42, 433. 豪斯对此进行了补充，参见：C. Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (Boston, MA, 1928), Vol. 3, 130–138。
16. PWW, Vol. 58, 172.
17. D. R. Woodward, Trial by Friendship: Anglo-American Relations, 1917–1918 (Lexington, KY, 1993), 210.
18. Ibid., 218–219.
19. PWW, Vol. 53, 338.
20. PWW, Vol. 51, 415.
21. C. M. Andrew and A. S. Kanya, ‘France, Africa, and the First World War’, The Journal of African History 19, No. 1 (1978), 11–23.
22. 美国在最高作战委员会的代表塔斯克·布利斯（Tasker Bliss）与他们的看法相同。参见：Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers (Washington, DC, 1940), Vol. 2, 288。
23. PWW, Vol. 43, 172–174.
24. 最具有影响力的是：J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919), 60。
25. 尼科尔森（Nicolson）注意到了这一意图所包含的基本的二元性，它既支持和平，也破坏和平，但他没能把《停战协议》的背景考虑进去，而恰恰是这一背景导致了这种二元性。参见：H. Nicolson, Peacemaking, 1919 (New York, 1965), 82–90。
26. P. Krüger, ‘Die Reparationen und das Scheitern einer deutschen Verständigungs-politik auf der Pariser Friedenskonferenz im Jahre 1919’, Historische Zeitschrift 221, No. 2 (October 1975), 326–372.
27. T. J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New Order (Princeton, NJ, 1992), 170–172.
28. Ibid., 176.
29. 参见：E. Morison (ed.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, MA, 1951), Vol. 1, 378–381. 关于罗斯福提到劳合·乔治没有与威尔逊决裂，参见：ibid., Vol. 1, 289。
30. Knock, To End All Wars, 176. 关于卡伯特·洛奇与罗斯福之间的通信往来，参见：C. Redmond (ed.), Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge 1884–1918 (New York, 1925), Vol. 2, 542–543。
31. Knock, To End All Wars, 180.
32. Ibid., 178.
33. J. M. Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations (Cambridge, 2001), 39.
34. Redmond, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. 1, 394–395.
1. A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [以下简称PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966–1994), Vol. 53, 366.
2. R. Olson, The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925 (Austin, TX, 1989), 28–29.
3. R. M. Coury, The Making of an Egyptian Arab Nationalist: The Early Years of Azzam Pasha, 1893–1936 (Reading, 1998), 159.
4. E. Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007).
5. M. Geyer, ‘Zwischen Krieg und Nachkrieg’, in A. Gallus (ed.), Die vergessene Revolution (Göttingen, 2010), 187–222.
6. A. Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918–1919 (London, 1968).
7. V. I. Lenin, ‘Report at a Joint Session of the All-Russia Central Executive Committee: The Moscow Soviet, Factory Committees and Trade Unions, October 22 1918’, in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1974), Vol. 28, 113–126.
8. E. Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War (London, 2007).
9. M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. 4, The Stricken World, 1917–1922 (London, 1975), 234.
10. J. M. Thompson, Russia, Bolshevism, and the Versailles Peace (Princeton, NJ, 1966).
11. 以下均引自Document 129, C. K. Cumming and W. W. Pettit (eds), Russian-American Relations, March 1917–March 1920 (New York, 1920), 284–289。
12. Gilbert, Churchill, Vol. 4, 230.
13. M. J. Carley, ‘Episodes from the Early Cold War: Franco-Soviet Relations, 1917–1927’, Europe-Asia Studies 52, No. 7 (November 2000), 1, 276.
14. Document 127, ‘Russian-American Relations’, 281.
15. 苏图十分敏锐地观察到，西方对德国领导集体的重新定位并不是始于1923年，而是从1918年秋天就开始了。参见：G.-H. Soutou, L'Or et le Sang: Les Buts de guerre économique de la Première Guerre Mondiale (Paris, 1989), 745。
16. R. Luxemburg, ‘What Does the Spartacus League Want?’, Die Rote Fahne, 14 December 1918, 以及The Russian Revolution (written 1918, published Berlin, 1922)。
17. K. Kautsky, Terrorismus und Kommunismus (Berlin, 1919).
18. H. A. Winkler, Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimarer Republik (Berlin, 1984), Vol. 1.
19. R. Luxemburg, ‘The National Assembly’, Die Rote Fahne, 20 November 1918.
20. G. D. Feldman, The Great Disorder: Politics, Economics, and Society in the German Inflation, 1914–1924 (Oxford, 1997).
21. C. Mathews, ‘The Economic Origins of the Noskepolitik’, Central European History 27, No. 1 (1994), 65–86.
22. G. Noske, Von Kiel bis Kapp. Zur Geschichte der deutschen Revolution (Berlin, 1920), 68.
23. W. Wette, Gustav Noske (Düsseldorf, 1987), 289–321.
24. Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy, 373–409; A. S. Lindemann, The ‘Red Years’: European Socialism Versus Bolshevism, 1919–1921 (Berkeley, CA, 1974); G. A. Ritter (ed.), Die II Internationale 1918/1919. Protokolle, Memoranden, Berichte und Korrespondenzen (Berlin, 1980), vols 1 and 2.
25. PWW, Vol. 53, 574.
26. D. Marquand, Ramsay MacDonald (London, 1997), 248–249; C. F. Brand, ‘The Attitude of British Labor Toward President Wilson during the Peace Conference’, The American Historical Review 42, No. 2 (January 1937), 244–255.
27. Ritter, Die II Internationale, Vol. 1, 208–285.
28. Ibid., Vol. 1, 230–243.
29. 胡佛对于独立社会民主党有着不一样的热情。参见：Two Peacemakers in Paris: The Hoover-Wilson Post-Armistice Letters, 1918–1920 (College Station, TX, 1978), 128–129 and 135–141。
30. Ritter, Die II Internationale, 288–377.
31. 关于反对有必要建立社会民主党——独立社会民主党联合体的看法，S. 米勒（S. Miller）有清楚的介绍。参见：Burgfrieden und Klassenkampf: Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie im Ersten Weltkrieg (Düsseldorf, 1974), 320。
32. D. Tanner, Political Change and the Labour Party, 1900–1918 (Cambridge, 1990), 393–397; R. McKibbin, Parties and People, England 1914–1951 (Oxford, 2010), 30.
33. J. Turner, British Politics and the Great War: Coalition and Conflict, 1915–1918 (New Haven, CT, 1992), 319.
34. Marquand, MacDonald, 236.
35. M. Pugh, Electoral Reform in War and Peace, 1906–1918 (London, 1978), 176–177.
36. M. Cowling, The Impact of Labour, 1920–1924 (Cambridge, 1971).
37. Tanner, Political Change, 403–404.
38. L. Haimson and G. Sapelli, Strikes, Social Conflict, and the First World War (Milan, 1992); C. Wrigley, Challenges of Labour: Central and Western Europe 1917–1920 (London, 1993); B.J. Silver, Forces of Labor: Workers’ Movements and Globalization since 1870 (Cambridge, 2003).
39. C. Wrigley, Lloyd George and the Challenge of Labour: The Post-War Coalition, 1918–1922 (Hemel Hempstead, 1990).
40. B. Millman, Managing Domestic Dissent in First World War Britain (London, 2000), 263.
41. Wrigley, Lloyd George and the Challenge of Labour, 223.
42. Turner, British Politics, 314.
43. Wrigley, Lloyd George and the Challenge of Labour, 82.
44. Ibid., 204.
45. E. Morgan, Studies in British Financial Policy, 1914–1925 (London, 1952).
46. L. Ross, ‘Debts, Revenues and Expenditures and Note Circulation of the Principal Belligerents’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 34, No. 1 (November 1919), 168.
47. R. E. Bunselmeyer, The Cost of the War, 1914–1919: British Economic War Aims and the Origins of Reparations (Hamden, CT, 1975), 106–148.
48. E. Johnson and D. Moggridge (eds), The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes (Cambridge, 2012), Vol. 16, 418–419.
49. B. Kent, The Spoils of War (Oxford, 1991), 以及D. Newton, British Policy and the Weimar Republic 1918–1919 (Oxford, 1997)。
50. M. Daunton, Just Taxes: The Politics of Taxation in Britain, 1914–1979 (Cambridge, 2002), 69–72.
51. D. P. Silverman, Reconstructing Europe after the Great War (Cambridge, MA, 1982), 71.
52. Soutou, L'Or et Le Sang, 806–828.
53. L. Blum, L'Oeuvre de Léon Blum, 3 vols (Paris, 1972), Vol. 1, 278.
54. E. Clémentel, La France et la politique économique interalliée (Paris, 1931), 343.