法尔科属于贝内文托的一个显要的家族,曾任宫廷的秘书和文书,在1102—1139年为自己的城市和整个南意大利写了一部回顾性的史书。他的作品之所以有趣,一是因为质量过硬,它可靠、有条不紊、生动形象,还记载了许多作者亲历的事件;二是因为它反映了这位伦巴第爱国者的观点。对法尔科来说,诺曼人不过是一群未开化的强盗。该书有一份意大利语译本,已在参考文献中列出。
泰莱塞的亚历山大亚历山大是泰莱塞附近的救主修道院的院长,应罗杰二世的同父异母妹妹阿里菲的玛蒂尔达的要求而撰写了一部编年史。尽管这部史书在表面上是罗杰的传记,但是它的第一部分非常粗糙。此书没有透露任何关于阿德莱德摄政的事情,只有写到1127年之后的一系列最终使西西里王国得以建立的事件时,本书的记载才开始变得有趣。从1127年到亚历山大突然停止写作的1136年,本书都是颇有价值的史料来源,尽管读者需要容忍其中十分明显的倾向性。对亚历山大来说,神明对罗杰早年的不义行为进行了惩处之后,便指定罗杰,让罗杰为南意大利带来和平、秩序。尽管亚历山大是教会人士,却对教皇缺乏尊重,甚至责备霍诺留二世的“无礼”。该书有一份意大利语译本,已在参考文献中列出。
萨莱诺的罗穆亚尔德罗穆亚尔德属于瓜尔纳(Guarna)家族,是老的萨莱诺贵族的一员。他从1153年开始担任萨莱诺大主教,直到他于1181年去世。在此期间,他在王国的(包括西西里岛的和大陆的)政治事务、内政和外交事务中发挥了领导作用。他参与了《贝内文托条约》的谈判,后来卷入了反对巴里的马约的阴谋。在1161年的起义中,他是营救威廉一世的活动的主要策划者之一。威廉二世统治时期,他主持了威廉二世的加冕礼,又代表西西里王国参与了《威尼斯条约》的签署。他的《编年史或年代记》(Chronicon sive Annales)从创世纪一直写到1178年。对于本书所涵盖的时间范围,他的著作是最重要的史料之一。如果罗穆亚尔德再公正一点,低调一点,他的著作将更有价值。他一直在记载中夸大自己在事件中起到的作用,而将他人的作用给最小化了。他没有直接参与的事情,或者对他或他的朋友没有特殊好处的事情,他往往完全不提。这部作品从未被译成英语或法语,参考文献中列出了一份意大利语的译本。
雨果·法尔坎都斯正如夏朗东所说,所有与法尔坎都斯有关的事都是谜团,甚至他的名字都存疑。在世的英国学者中,研究这一时期的历史最为卓越的伊夫林·杰米森就在一本书(已在参考文献中列出)中有力地论证了人们将法尔坎都斯与尤金乌斯混为一谈了。尤金乌斯是一位政治家和学者,1190年被任命为西西里王国的海军统帅。法尔坎都斯的《西西里王国之书》只涵盖了1154—1169年这段时期。此书很少提及西西里的外交政策,但是在描述巴勒莫在一个特别动荡的时期中的社会生活和政治阴谋上,它是一部杰作。作者用寥寥几行字,就能把一个人物变得活灵活现。他擅于用双眼捕捉重要的细节。在我们必须打交道的其他史料中,或许除了卡西诺山的阿马图斯,没人比法尔坎都斯更擅于讲故事。但是阿马图斯性格天真,法尔坎都斯则对摆弄文辞的功夫相当熟练。法尔坎都斯最大的缺陷就是倾向性和敌视的眼光,他基本上对身边的所有人都怀有蔑视之情。对他来说,所有人都是恶人。人们做的每件事,被他孜孜不倦地归因于最坏的动机。他记载的准确度究竟有多高,我们无从得知。我们基本不可能检查他的记载,因为其他编年史都没有这么详细地记载这段时期的史事。话虽如此,他的读者肯定能有不错的阅读体验。有一点比较不可思议:这位堪与塔西佗和修昔底德比肩的作家的作品,居然从未被翻译成英语或法语。我能找到的唯一译本是德尔雷(del Re)的意大利语译本,他的译本晦涩难懂,以致法尔坎都斯优雅的拉丁语原文还更好读一些。
埃博利的彼得埃博利的彼得著有长诗《西西里王国之歌》(Carmen de Rebus Siculis),该诗为我们详细讲述了西西里王国最后日子的故事,从好人威廉的去世讲起,讲到亨利六世的到来。与法尔坎都斯一样,彼得作为史家的可靠性被他的仇恨感削弱了,他的仇恨针对的是莱切的坦克雷德、他的家人和追随者。彼得的记载很少能与其他史料互证,即使能互证,也往往不准确。不过,有证据显示他在亨利六世的宫廷中生活,所以他所在的位置让他更能看清事情的发展。这部长诗是另一部亟须翻译为现代语言的作品,它直到今天还没有被翻译为现代的语言。它日后定有译本出现,到时候,我希望译本能收录彼得装饰文本时所用的插图。这些插图讨人喜欢,显得颇为诙谐幽默。
原始史料 史料集(在参考文献及脚注中的缩略语均以括号标注。)
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